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The Five Generations of Computers Explained with Stage by Stages

Posted on 26 January 2013 by admin

The term ‘computer generation’ is often used in relation to the hardware of computers. Each phase of computer development is known as a separate generation of computers. Each phase of development is characterised by the type of switching circuits it utilized.Most computers today use the idea of ‘stored program computer’, proposed by Dr. John Von Neumann in 1945.

The architecture of a computer is based on three key concepts;
i. Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory.
ii. The memory contents are addressable by locations.
iii. Execution takesplace in a sequential fashion, from one instruction to the next unless modified  explicity.
First Generation Computers (1949-55)
The first generation used vaccum tubes, and machine laguage was used for giving instructions. They used the concept of ‘stored program’. They were very large in size and their programming was a difficult task. Some computers of first generation are,i. ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC) was the first electronic computer developed.It has a very small memory. Their programs are wired on boards. The addition of two numbers was achieved in 200 microseconds and multiplication in 2000 microseconds.
ii. EDVAC: The binary arithmetic was used in the construction of computer called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The Von Neumann concept of stored program was also applied in EDVAC.
With this, the operations became faster since the computer could rapidly access both the program and data.
iii. EDSAC: The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer (EDSAC) used mercury delayed lines for storage. It also used Neumann concept of stored program. This allowed easy implementation of programloops. The
addition operation was accomplished in 1500 microseconds and multiplication operation in 4000 micro  seconds.
iv. UNIVAC-I: The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) was the first digital computer developed. Initial applications of computers were in science and engineering but with the advent of UNIVAC-I, the commercial
applications started. The first generation computers suffered from some ‘big’ limitations like slow operating speed, restricted
computing capacity, high power consumption, very large space requirement and limited programming capabilities.
Second Generation Computers (1956-65)
The second generation computers emerged with the transistors being the brain of the computer. They used magnetic cores to construct large random access memories. The increased realiability and availability of large memories gave the way for the development of high level languages. With speedy CPUs and the advent of magnetic tape and disk storage, operating systems came into being. Some of the second generation computers with their area of application are given.

Model Area of application
IBM – 1401 Business
IBM – 1620 Scientific
IBM – 7094 Scientific and Business
CDC – 1604 Scientific
CDC – 3600 Scientific
RCA – 501 Business
UNIVAC – 1108 Scientific and Business
High level languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol and Snobol etc are developed. Batch operating
systems ruled the second generation.
Third Generation Computers (1966 – 1975)
The advent of microelectronics technology made it possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into
very small surface of silicon known as chips. This technology known as integrated circuits (ICs) is applied in the third generation computers. From small scale integrated (SSI) circuits, technology developed to medium scale integrated (MSI) circuits. The size of main memory reached about 4MB. Magnetic disk technology improved to have a capacity upto 100MBs. The CPUs become powerful with the capacity of carrying out 1 million instructions per second. Some of the mainframe and mini computers developed during this generation are,
Main frame computers Mini computers
IBM – 360 series ICL – 2903
ICL – 1900 series CDC – 1700
IBM – 370/168 series PDP – 11/45
ICL – 2900 series
Honey well model 316 series
Honeywell 6000 series
ICL – International Computers Limited
CDC – Control Data Corporation
PDP – Personal Data Processor
Computers also found place in other areas like education, survey, analysis etc. Time shared operating system was introduced in this generation.
Fourth Generation Computers (1976-Present) Medium scale integrated circuits yielded to Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits. It led to the advent of microprocessor (CPU on a single chip) and marked the beginning of  the fourth generation computers. Semi conductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The cost of computer came down so rapidly. The faster accessing and processing speeds and increased memory capacity helped in development of much more powerful operating systems.
Many of the mainframe CPU features became part of the microprocessor architecture in 90s. In 1995 the most popular CPUs were Pentium, Power PC etc. Also RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) microprocessors arepreferred in powerful servers for numeric computing and file services.
The hard disks are also available of the sizes upto 20GB. For larger disks RAID (Redundant Array of InexpensiveDisks) gives storage upto hunderes of GB. CDROMs can store upto 1 GB.The computer networks are one of the most popular ways of interacting with computer chains of millions of
users. The computers are being applied in various areas like simulation, visualization, parallel computing, virtual reality, multimedia etc.
Fifth Generation Computers (coming)
The fifth generation computers using magnetic bubble memories and other recent developments are on the way.
They will be based on advances in silicon technology.
The researchers are aiming at developing a machine that can speak simple plain language and able to converse the way the human beings do. For this the concept of Artificial Intelligence is being used.

Summary

FEATURES OF FIRST GENERATION

1. Use of vacuum tubes

2. Big & Clumsy

3. High Electricity Consumption

4. Programming in Mechanical Language

5. Larger AC were needed

6. Lot of electricity failure occured

FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION

1. Transistors were used

2. Core Memory was developed

3. Faster than First Generation computers

4. First Operating System was developed

5. Programming was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language

6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used

7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers

8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity

THIRD GENERATION FEATURES

1. Integrated circuits developed

2. Power consumption was low

3. SSI & MSI Technology was used

4. High level languages were used

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

1. LSI & VLSI Technology used

2. Development of Portable Computers

3. RAID Technology of data storage

4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation

5. Computers started in use for Data Communication

6. Different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

1. Used in parallel processing

2. Used superconductors

3. Used in speech recognition

4. Used in intelligent robots

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The Kochi Startup Village,India’s first telecom incubator

Posted on 17 January 2013 by admin

Kochi, Kerala, has become the first in India to get 1 gbps speed. This kind of internet connectivity is available only at two places in the world—the Startup Village at Kansas City in US and the Startup Village in Kochi. The Kochi Startup Village is India’s first telecom incubator. It focuses primarily on student start-ups from college campuses.

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IT Quiz -Computer Knowledge and IT Awareness Questions with answers

Posted on 16 August 2012 by admin

Content Include Text,Picture,Music,video is called? – Mutimedia

Method of getting Internet On Telephone line term called – DSL line

A(an) _____is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. – ALU

User can Use which out it hands? -Speech recognization software

User access mail any where using? Webmail Interface

Writing, formatting, Printing is Called? – Word Processing

Where Columns and Row Intersected is Called? – Cell Address

Under which menu Header and Footer founded on Power Point ? – Insert

Typically Slide not Include ______? – Full Motion Video

____User to Upload files on Online – Webhosted Technology

______is the process of contracting an existing business process to give an another organization on other country is called – Outsourcing

____is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user’s Hard Drive while a user is browsing a website -Cookies

Which views in Power points allows users to sort and see slide in Thumbnails view? Slide sorter view

When some files/data transfer from one computer to someone else computer over interest its called ?- Download

Which Device is Used for Point & Draw? -Mouse

Set of Rule Telling Computer to perform task is called? – Programmer line

____is a form of denial-of-service attack in which an attacker sends a succession of requests to a targets system Ports?

- SYN flooding

Which Business Language enables producers and consumers of financial data to switch resources away from
costly manual processes, typically involving time-consuming comparison – XBRL

A(n)_______ is a set of characters that share common design features. – Typeface

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Mobile Broadband and The mobile network technologies

Posted on 23 May 2012 by admin

The mobile network technologies such as HSPA and LTE, used for connecting smartphones computers, devices, sensors and machinesto Internet and broadband services.

Mobile Broadband

Mobile broadband is playing an increasingly large role in our daily lives. It is changing the way we are entertained and enabling us to work, regardless of physical location

EDGE

By upgrading to EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) you can cost-effectively triple the data capacity of your GSM/GPRS network, paving the way for advanced data services anywhere, anytime.

 

HSPA

With high-speed, high-capacity mobile broadband possible through our WCDMA/HSPA offering, you can cost-effectively meet user demand for advance internet services anywhere, anytime.

 Some findings by an expert study in this area are,

Globally, mobile broadband subscriptions have grown around 60 percent year-on-year and have  reached close to 1 billion¹.

Around 75 percent of subscriptions are GSM.
15 percent are WCDMA/HSPA.

India and China accounted for approximately
35 percent of the estimated ~180 million net
additions during Q4 2011.For India, this figure
continues to be lower than Q1 and Q2 due to
operators’ increasing focus on active subscribers

 

MOBILE PC DATA

The trafic generated by mobile PC users differs
signiicantly between individuals and markets. The global
average is estimated to be around 2 GB per month,
based on a study group’s measurements.

 

 

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Computer GK-QUiZ Based on Information Technology

Posted on 24 December 2011 by admin

1. “Stored Program Concept” postulated by:
Ans. John von neumann
2. Founder of the social networking website ‘Facebook’:
Ans. Mark Elliot Zuckerberg
3. Name associated with Open Source Program:
Ans. Richard Stallman
4. The main routes that data travels over the internet is called:
Ans. Internet backbone
5. An IT term refers to allowing someone to open web pages and see web sites on the internet.
Ans. Web Surfing
6. An internet protocol that allows quick file tarnsmission to remote computers is know as:
Ans. FTP
7. Protocol used to temporarily store new messages in your mailbox on an e-mail server is known as:
Ans. POP
8.Company which maintains internet computers and telecommunications equipment in order to provide internet access to businesses, organizations and individuals is called:
Ans. Internet Service Provider
9. The device that protects all computers in the network from many attacks is called:
Ans. Firewall
10. Free telephone style conversations to travel over the internet to virtually anywhere in the world is known as:
Ans. Internet Telephony

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History of Computers

Posted on 09 June 2011 by admin

ENIAC( Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.]

ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a “Giant Brain”. It boasted speeds one thousand times faster than electro-mechanical machines, a leap in computing power that no single machine has since matched. This mathematical power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists. The inventors promoted the spread of these new ideas by teaching a series of lectures on computer architecture.

The ENIAC’s design and construction was financed by the United States Army during World War II. The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work on the computer began in secret by the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering starting the following month under the code name “Project PX”. The completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February 14, 1946 and formally dedicated the next day at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000 (nearly $6 million in 2010, adjusted for inflation). It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.

ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.[9] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Thomas Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer) and Jack Davis (accumulators).

Computer History
Year/Enter
Computer History
Inventors/Inventions
Computer History
Description of Event

1936

Konrad Zuse – Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer.

1942

John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
ABC Computer
Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC.

1944

Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
Harvard Mark I Computer
The Harvard Mark 1 computer.

1946

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer
20,000 vacuum tubes later…

1948

Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube
Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories.

1947/48

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley
The Transistor
No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers.

1951

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer
First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners.

1953

International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer
IBM enters into The History of Computers.

1954

John Backus & IBM
FORTRAN Computer Programming Language
The first successful high level programming language.

1955
(In Use 1959)

Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric
ERMA and MICR
The first bank industry computer – also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks.

1958

Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
The Integrated Circuit
Otherwise known as ‘The Chip’

1962

Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game
The first computer game invented.

1964

Douglas Engelbart
Computer Mouse & Windows
Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end.

1969

ARPAnet The original Internet.

1970

Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world’s first available dynamic RAM chip.

1971

Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor
The first microprocessor.

1971

Alan Shugart &IBM
The “Floppy” Disk
Nicknamed the “Floppy” for its flexibility.

1973

Robert Metcalfe & Xerox
The Ethernet Computer Networking
Networking.

1974/75

Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers The first consumer computers.

1976/77

Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers More first consumer computers.

1978

Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software
Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner.

1979

Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby
WordStar Software
Word Processors.

1981

IBM
The IBM PC – Home Computer
From an “Acorn” grows a personal computer revolution

1981

Microsoft
MS-DOS Computer Operating System
From “Quick And Dirty” comes the operating system of the century.

1983

Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface.

1984

Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer with a GUI.

1985

Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple.

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2nd generation Processors from Intel for visibly smart performance

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2nd generation Processors from Intel for visibly smart performance

Posted on 18 April 2011 by admin

Intel® Core™ Processor Family

The 2nd generation Intel® Core™ processor family brings visibly smart performance to your business PCs—delivering benefits you can readily see and appreciate. Users can be more productive. PCs and laptops can be better protected. Your operation can be a smooth-running machine. Clearly, 2nd generation Intel Core processors are the smart choice for  business.

Intelligence runs in the family

Smart performance is a trait of every member of the 2nd generation Intel Core processor family. That’s because every 2nd generation Intel Core processor features remarkably intelligent technologies. Examples?

  • Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 automatically dials up the processor clock speed when demanding tasks require additional power, then dials down to save energy whenever possible.¹
  • Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology (Intel® HT Technology) and other innovative Intel® technologies enable four-way (or eight-way) processing that makes multi-tasking between business applications quick and effortless.²

And smart performance is literally on display in 2nd generation Intel® Core™ processors, as they offer stunning visual performance due to built-in visuals . There’s no need for dedicated graphics cards (or the added cost and power requirements that come with them).³

Greater performance enables seamless security

Security shouldn’t get in the way of user productivity. And that’s another reason why the exceptional performance of 2nd generation Intel Core processors is so important. It enables security applications and protocols to run efficiently and unobtrusively in the background. In many cases, users won’t even know their PCs are actively being secured. And that’s the way it should be.

New PCs for Your New Compute Environment

New PCs for Your New Compute Environment

IT is changing at warp speed, and PCs must keep pace. That’s why 2nd generation Intel® Core™ processors bring smart performance and new capabilities to secure mobility, online rich media, and business operations optimization.

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Computer Knowledge Question and Answer Series Continues

Posted on 17 March 2011 by admin

1. The port number used by SMTP is:

25

2. A packet filter is a type of

Firewall

3. Which among the following utilities can detect a bad sector?

CHKDSK and SCANDISK

4. In 100BASE-T, ‘T’ stands for:

Twisted pair

5. A head crash is said to occur when the read-write head of a hard disk drive:

Touches the magnetic media

6. Category 5 cable includes —twisted pairs in a single cable jacket.

4

7. The port number used by the HTTP protocol is

80

8. In PowerPoint presentations, individual pages are called:

Slides

9. _________ is a powder used in laser printers to form the images on a paper.

Toner

10. Worms and Trojan Horses are examples of:

Malware

11. ___________ Printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper.

Thermal

12.The ISI mark is given by:

BIS

13. The laser printer was invented at:

Xerox

14. A flaw in a system whereby the output is unexpectedly dependent on the sequence or timing of other events is called a:

Race condition

15. A 56k modem can transfer data at up to bits per second over the phone line.

56000

16. The original implementation of the C programming language was standardized by :

ANSI

17. ________Is a signaling method that handles a relatively wide range of frequencies.

Broadband

18. Power-on-self-test is built into the:

BIOS

19. PowerPoint can embed content from other applications through:

OLE

20. The latest release of Microsoft Windows is called:

Vista

21. GRUB is an:

Boot loader

22. __________Is a family of programmable interrupt controller chips.

8259

23.card allows television signals to be received by a computer.

TV tuner

24. ________Is an IEEE 1394 implementation.

Fire Wire

25 ‘Windows protection error’ messages may result from:

Damage to the system registry

26 Sound Blaster line of audio cards were made by :

Creative Technology Ltd.

27 Indiscriminate sending of unsolicited bulk messages is known as :

Spamming.

28. The ‘blue screen of death’ may occur due to:

All the above

29. FAT manages files in contiguous groups of sectors called:

Clusters

30. The utility which can be used to clean the windows registry is:

regedit

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Computer GK Series-Computer General Knowledge for Exams

Posted on 13 March 2011 by admin

Who is credited with the creation of WWW
Answer : Tim Berners-Lee

Which of the following is not a web browser
Answer :HTML

MIME is associated with the following
Answer :E mail

The mode of communication in which transmission can be bidirectional. But in only one direction at a time is called
Answer :Half Duplex

Error detection at the data link layer is achieved using
Answer :CRC codes

In Serial communication, start and stop bits are used for
Answer :Synchronization

In a transmitter, the unmodulated signal is known as
Answer :Baseband signal

In a computer network, routing issues are handled in
Answer :Network Layer

In a computer network, functions of dialog management and synchronization are taken care of in the Answer :Session’s layer

Which of the following topologies has the highest reliability
Answer :Mesh

In data communications, bauds signify ———- rate
Answer :Signaling

ADSL is abbreviation for
Answer :Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

The topmost layer in the ISO model that needs to be implemented in an intermediate node is the ———–layer

Answer :Network

VPN denotes a

Answer :Virtual Private Network

Data rate of a ring network is 20Mbps and signal propagates at 200m/µsec. The number of bits that can be placed on the channel of length 200km is

Answer :20000bits

The frequency range over which coaxial cables are typically used is

Answer :106 to 108 Hz

In internet, the well known port 21 refers to the application

Answer :FTP

The maximum data rate possible through a noise free 4 kHz binary channel is

Answer :8000 bps

The transparency provided in a distributed system where users cannot tell how many copies of a resource exist is termed as

Answer :Replication transparency

Which of the following configurations can be said to be tightly coupled

Answer :Shared memory multiprocessors

In distributed systems, RPC stands for

Answer :Remote Procedure Call

Assume there are 4 file servers each with a 0.95 chance of being up at any instant. Probability of at least
one being available is

Answer :1-(.05)4

Which of the following category of classification of multiple computer systems is not generally used in practice

Answer :MISD

. In a distributed system, to ensure that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other, the transactions must have the following specific property

Answer :Serializability

Translation Lookaside Buffer(TLB) is also called

Answer :Associative Memory

In Internet Standards Terminology, RFC refers to

Answer :Request For Comments

. Which of the following denotes a network management protocol in an internet

Answer :SNMP

IEEE 802.11 is an IEEE standard for

Answer :Wireless LAN

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How to Get GK bytes via SMS to your Mobile?

Posted on 07 March 2011 by admin

GeneralKnowledgeToday.com Presents  Daily Gk SMS Program

Get GK and Current affairs  Via SMS to your Mobile /Receive GK Bytes daily by SMS on your Mobile

To receive Daily FREE GK SMS Alerts, sms SUB  GKCURRENTAFFAIRS

Sub (space) GKCURRENTAFFAIRS  to 9870807070

if you have any doubts please feel to contact us : admin(@)Generalknowledgetoday.com

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Computer Awareness-Computer Knowledge Question Series

Posted on 22 December 2010 by admin

1. A group of attribute/field in a database is known as a______.
a) Record b) File   c) Database   d) Entry   e) None
2. A ______ describe a category of information in a table of database.
a) Record   b) File   c) Entry   d) Field e) None
3. A goal of data mining includes which of the following?
a) To confirm that data exists
b) To create a new data warehouse
c) To analyze data for expected relationships
d) To explain some observed event or condition
e) None of the above
4. The correct hierarchical order, smallest to largest, for the following database terms is:
a) File, Field, Record, Database
b) File, Record, Field, Database
c) Record, Field, File, Database
d) Field, Record, File, Database
e) None of the above
5. In RDBMS , DBA is responsible for:
a) Physical database design
b) Defining conceptual models and schema
c) Defining security and integrity rules
d) Defining backup and recovery mechanisms
e) All the above
6. When data changes in multiple lists and all lists are not updated, this causes _______.
a) Duplicate data
b) Data redundancy
c) Data inconsistency
d) Information overload
e) None
7. Which of the following programming method is used to minimize data errors when data
is transferred over a network?
a) Checksum b) Checkbit  c) Cryptography d) Encryption  e) None
8. Which device act as a traffic cop over a network?
a) Modem   b) Hub   c) Switch   d) Router e) None
9. How many layers are present in Open System Interconnection (OSI) model of network
architecture?
a) Five   b) Six   c) Seven d) Eight  e) None of these
10. Which layer of OSI model, firstly make use of unit of data called “Packet”?
a) Datalink Layer
b) Transport Layer
c) Network Layer
d) Presentation Layer
e) None
11. Communication between computers is established, maintained and terminated by _____ .
a) Network Layer
b) Session Layer
c) Application Layer
d) Presentation Layer
e) None
12. Which term identifies a specific computer on the web and the main page of the entire
site?
a) URL   b) Hyperlink   c) Web site address   d) Domain name e) None of these
13. The place where data or information is stored for a short time is
a) Memory   b) Control Unit   c) Buffer d) ALU   e) None
14. The section of CPU which selects, interprets and sees to the execution of program
instructions?
a) ALU   b) Control Unit c) Register Unit   d) Processing Unit   e) None
15. Which program is used to convert assembly language to machine language?
a) Compiler   b) Interpreter   c) Linker   d) Assembler e) None
16. The process of finding errors in software’s source code
a) Debugging b) Compiling   c) Testing   d) Running   e) None
17. A computer programmer
a) can draw only flowchart
b) can enter data quickly
c) does all the thinking for a computer
d) can operate all type of computer equipment
e) None
18. Primary Memory of a personal computer consists of
a) RAM only
b) ROM only
c) Hard Disk only
d) Both (a) and (b)
e) All (a), (b), and (c)
19. A Trojan horse is
a) An ad ware program
b) A virus disguised as a useful program.
c) A program that blows up every time you use it
d) A spy ware which steal information over internet
e) None
20. Which one of the following is not true?
a) HTTP Protocol is used to view a web page in a browser
b) Android is Google’s operating system for mobile devices
c) GHz is the measurement used to determine the speed of processor
d) WAN requires the same technology as LAN

e) All are true

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CAD and CADD

Posted on 25 November 2010 by admin

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer.

CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.

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Virtual Memory,ROM and RAM

Posted on 25 November 2010 by admin

Virtual Memory

Virtual Memory is a feature of an operating system that enables a process to use a memory (RAM) address space that is independent of other processes running in the same system, and use a space that is larger than the actual amount of RAM present, temporarily relegating some contents from RAM to a disk, with little or no overhead.

ROM

ROM – Read-only memory: On ROM, data is prerecorded for read only which can not be removed. ROM is nonvolatile and it retains its contents regardless the computer is on or off. Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer. In addition, ROMs are used in calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often stored in ROMs. There are a few variations of ROM such as programmable read-only memory(PROM), which is manufactured as blank chips on which data can be written with a special device called a PROM programmer.

RAM

RAM – Random access memory: whose contents can be accessed (read, write and remove) in any order. This is in contrast to sequential memory devices such as magnetic tapes, discs and drums, in which the mechanical movement of the storage medium forces the computer to access data in a fixed order. RAM is usually used for primary storage in computers to hold active information such as data and programs. Common forms of RAM are: SRAM (Static RAM) and DRAM (Dynamic RAM).

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Cyber World-Windows Management Shortcuts

Posted on 29 September 2010 by admin

Windows Management Shortcuts

* Win+Home: Clear all but the active window.
* Win+Space: All windows become transparent so you can see through to the desktop.
* Win+Up arrow: Maximize the active window.
* Shift+Win+Up arrow: Maximize the active window vertically.
* Win+Down arrow: Minimize the window/Restore the window if it’s maximized.
* Win+Left/Right arrows: Dock the window to each side of the monitor.
* Shift+Win+Left/Right arrows: Move the window to the monitor on the left or right.

You can also interact with windows by dragging them with the mouse:

* Drag window to the top: Maximize
* Drag window left/right: Dock the window to fill half of the screen.
* Shake window back/forth: Minimize everything but the current window.
* Double-Click Top Window Border (edge).

Taskbar Shortcuts

You can use any of these shortcut combinations to launch the applications in their respective position on the taskbar, or more:

* Win+number (1-9): Starts the application pinned to the taskbar in that position, or switches to that program.
* Shift+Win+number (1-9): Starts a new instance of the application pinned to the taskbar in that position.
* Ctrl+Win+number (1-9): Cycles through open windows for the application pinned to the taskbar is that position.
* Alt+Win+number (1-9): Opens the Jump List for the application pinned to the taskbar.
* Win+T: Focus and scroll through items on the taskbar.
* Win+B: Focuses the System Tray icons

In addition, you can interact with the taskbar using your mouse and a modifier key:

* Shift+Click on a taskbar button: Open a program or quickly open another instance of a program.
* Ctrl+Shift+Click on a taskbar button: Open a program as an administrator.
* Shift+Right-click on a taskbar button: Show the window menu for the program (like XP does).
* Shift+Right-click on a grouped taskbar button: Show the window menu for the group.
* Ctrl+Click on a grouped taskbar button: Cycle through the windows of the group.

Here’s a few more interesting hotkeys for you:

* Ctrl+Shift+N: Creates a new folder in Windows Explorer.
* Alt+Up: Goes up a folder level in Windows Explorer.
* Alt+P: Toggles the preview pane in Windows Explorer.
* Shift+Right-Click on a file: Adds Copy as Path, which copies the path of a file to the clipboard.
* Shift+Right-Click on a file: Adds extra hidden items to the Send To menu.
* Shift+Right-Click on a folder: Adds Command Prompt Here, which lets you easily open a command prompt in that folder.
* Win+P: Adjust presentation settings for your display.
* Win+(+/-): Zoom in/out.
* Win+G: Cycle between the Windows Gadgets on your screen.

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Most Popular Operating Systems

Posted on 19 September 2010 by admin

Operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application-programs on a computer, and the necessary linkages for the control and synchronization of the computer’s hardware

The Most popular operating systems  presently in the market  are Windows,Debian GNU/Linux,Android,Mac OS X,Haiku

Windows 1.0 is a 16-bit graphical operating environment that was released on 20 November 1985 .  Windows 1.0 was the first version of Windows launched. The first release version of Windows 1.0 is actually named Windows Premiere Edition.

Windows 7 is the latest release of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and commercial use

Debian GNU/Linux Non-commercial linux distribution, initiated by Ian Murdock on 16th August 1993

Mac OS 9 Apple’s operating system for PowerPC from 1999.

Android OS Special operating system with linux kernel for smartphones, developed by google. On the market since October 2008

Haiku Started in August 18th, 2001 as OpenBeOS, this is the official open source successor of BeOS.

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What is an Operating System-OS

Posted on 19 September 2010 by admin

An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware, but will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

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What is Encryption

Posted on 15 September 2010 by admin

The translation of data into a secret code. Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. To read an encrypted file, you must have access to a secret key or password that enables you to decrypt it. Unencrypted data is called plain text ; encrypted data is referred to as cipher text.

There are two main types of encryption: asymmetric encryption (also called public-key encryption) and symmetric encryption.(also called private-key encryption)

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What is AJaX

Posted on 05 September 2010 by admin

AJaX is a little like DHTML, but it adds asynchronous communication between the browser and Web site via either XML or JSON to achieve performance that often rivals desktop applications.

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Windows Management Shortcuts-Windows 7 Shortcut Keys

Posted on 18 July 2010 by admin

Windows 7 Shortcut Keys ~ Interesting !

* Win+Home: Clear all but the active window.
* Win+Space: All windows become transparent so you can see through to the desktop.
* Win+Up arrow: Maximize the active window.
* Shift+Win+Up arrow: Maximize the active window vertically.
* Win+Down arrow: Minimize the window/Restore the window if it’s maximized.
* Win+Left/Right arrows: Dock the window to each side of the monitor.
* Shift+Win+Left/Right arrows: Move the window to the monitor on the left or right.

You can also interact with windows by dragging them with the mouse:

* Drag window to the top: Maximize
* Drag window left/right: Dock the window to fill half of the screen.
* Shake window back/forth: Minimize everything but the current window.
* Double-Click Top Window Border (edge).

Taskbar Shortcuts

You can use any of these shortcut combinations to launch the applications in their respective position on the taskbar, or more:

* Win+number (1-9): Starts the application pinned to the taskbar in that position, or switches to that program.
* Shift+Win+number (1-9): Starts a new instance of the application pinned to the taskbar in that position.
* Ctrl+Win+number (1-9): Cycles through open windows for the application pinned to the taskbar is that position.
* Alt+Win+number (1-9): Opens the Jump List for the application pinned to the taskbar.
* Win+T: Focus and scroll through items on the taskbar.
* Win+B: Focuses the System Tray icons

In addition, you can interact with the taskbar using your mouse and a modifier key:

* Shift+Click on a taskbar button: Open a program or quickly open another instance of a program.
* Ctrl+Shift+Click on a taskbar button: Open a program as an administrator.
* Shift+Right-click on a taskbar button: Show the window menu for the program (like XP does).
* Shift+Right-click on a grouped taskbar button: Show the window menu for the group.
* Ctrl+Click on a grouped taskbar button: Cycle through the windows of the group.

Here’s a few more interesting hotkeys for you:

* Ctrl+Shift+N: Creates a new folder in Windows Explorer.
* Alt+Up: Goes up a folder level in Windows Explorer.
* Alt+P: Toggles the preview pane in Windows Explorer.
* Shift+Right-Click on a file: Adds Copy as Path, which copies the path of a file to the clipboard.
* Shift+Right-Click on a file: Adds extra hidden items to the Send To menu.
* Shift+Right-Click on a folder: Adds Command Prompt Here, which lets you easily open a command prompt in that folder.
* Win+P: Adjust presentation settings for your display.
* Win+(+/-): Zoom in/out.
* Win+G: Cycle between the Windows Gadgets on your screen.

Source: http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/Keyboard-shortcuts

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Technology News-The first Indian web browser Epic launched

Posted on 18 July 2010 by admin

Bangalore-based firm launches first Indian web browser ‘Epic’
Bangalore: Indians have a new cause to celebrate with the launch of the first Indian made web browser aptly called ‘Epic’. Released by a Bangalore-based software firm, Hidden Reflex, Epic is based on the Mozilla platform.

The unique feature that sets Epic apart from other browsers is that it has a built-in antivirus protection. The integrated antivirus and antispyware has been powered by ESET.

The web browser can be customized as per the user’s desire. You can change the background and themes according to your preference. And there are over 1,500 free themes to choose from. The browser’s has a number of apps in its sidebar like Twitter, Facebook, Orkut etc. You can directly launch them from the sidebar.

The Epic is highly Indian in its look and feel. The ‘Indic’ app in the browser lets you type in 12 Indian languages.

The browser makers claim maximum privacy by giving features such as one-click private data deletion, flash cookie deletion built-in and no storage of browsing history. Faster downloads and browsing are some of the other claims made by the Epic developers. So what are you waiting for? Go check and experience it for yourself. After all such innovations reinforce our feelings of being a proud Indian.

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