A depository receipt is a type of negotiable financial security that is traded on a local stock exchange but represents a security, usually in the form of equity that is issued by a foreign publically listed company.

TAN Card

Tax Deduction Account Number (TAN) is a unique 10 digit alphanumeric code allotted by the Income Tax Department to all those persons who are required to deduct tax at the source of income. It is mandatory to quote TAN on all TDS (Tax Deduction at Source) returns (including e-TDS return) or any TDS payment challan. In order to apply for a TAN or to get a change/ correction carried out in an existing TAN record, you are required to submit the requisite application form, which is available at any of the Tax Information Network Facilitation Centres (External website that opens in a new window)(TIN-FCs) managed by the National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL). (External website that opens in a new window) The forms could also be downloaded from the links below

• Form 49B for issuance of new TAN (1.8 MB) (PDF file that opens in a new window) and
• Form for Change or Correction in TAN data (1.8 MB) (PDF file that opens in a new window)

Applicants can submit a duly filled-in application to any of the TIN-FCs. The processing fee for both the applications (new TAN and change request) is Rs.55/- each (inclusive of service tax @ 10.20%).

These applications are digitised by National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL) and forwarded to the Income Tax Department. The Income Tax Department will issue the TAN which will be intimated to NSDL online. On the basis of this, NSDL will issue the TAN letter to the applicant.

Application for change in TAN data can also be made online. (External website that opens in a new window)

For further information, please visit the FAQ section (External website that opens in a new window) of the NDSL website.

The Magna Carla was a Charter of Rights granted to the Englishmen during 1215 AD by King John II. During the reign of King John II (1167-1216) the citizens of Britain were burdened with heavy taxes. As a treacherous and cruel king he curbed the privileges of nobles and clergymen. As a result the barons, clergy and the common people united and compelled King John to redress their grievances by signing the Great Charter known as the
Magna Carta. It was signed by King John II in June 1215 at Runnymede. The charter contained 63 clauses guaranteeing the freedom of the barons, the church and the commonman.

Under this charter the king himself was to act according to the law which curbed the king’s right to levy taxes arbitrarily. It ensured that the king would act with the sanction of the people’s representatives in the matters of administration be it the imposition of new taxes or punishing a wrong doer or imprisonment of any man. In other words, through this document the Law was made the highest authority in the land. The Magna Carta laid down the important principle that England should be governed by a definite law and not by the whims or will of a despotic ruler.

Blue-Ship  :
Stock of well known companies with stable business.

Bonds :
Bond holder is the creditor of the company and normally bonds are issues with a minimum of 3 years time frame with specific interest rate.

Bonus Shares :
Bonus shares are shares given to share holder at no extra cost.

Book Value :
It is the value at which you carry the asset into the balance sheet. The book value is calculated by dividing the equity reserve of the company by the number of shares issues for the same.

Brokerage :
Brokerage is the commission charged by the broker for a transaction which can be upto 2.5% as per SEBI.

Bull Market :
Continuous phase of rising share prices.

Buyback :
Repurchase of its own company or bonds from the holders.

Carry forward :
The process of postponement of purchase from one settlement to other by paying a charge.

Circuit :
The limit imposed by exchanges to control the fluctuation of share prices.

Closing price :
Last traded price of a stock.

Close Ended Funds :
Close ended funds are funds where investors can subscribe only during the New Fund Offer (NFO) period only.

Demat trading :
Demat trading is trading of shares in electronic or dematerialized form.

Dividend :
Dividend is the amount of money that any company gives to the share holders for each share held.

Equity / Stock / Share :
Representation of ownership of a company.

ETF :
Exchange Traded Fund: A mutual fund that is traded on a stock exchange and holds a basket of securities like mutual funds. They can be traded like a stock in trading hours of the day. Price movement is like stock varying on a trading basis and not like Mutual Fund which is once everyday.

Face Value :
The nominal value of share. This is the actual price of the share. Many west countries allow the face value to be consistent and of Re. 1 but in India we have Face value in range of Re. 1 to Rs 10.

Forward Trading :
The Scrip is traded today would be settled at future date which can even be settled or carried forward.

IPO :
Initial public offer which refers to the first offering of equity shares to the general public. Top 5 Indian IPO’s

Nifty :
Nifty is the Index of National Stock Exchange.

Open Ended Funds :
Investors can purchase and sell units even after the New Fund Offer (NFO) period.

Open Interest :
Open interest are open contracts which refers to the total number of contracts, that have not been settled or squared off. For each buyer there must be a seller. So when either of the buyer or seller opens the contract and till he does not square off the contract, it is open and sum total of all such open contracts is called open interest.

P/E Ratio :
Price of the stock divided by the net earning of the company.

Resistance :
Resistance, is the point at which sellers (bears) take control of prices and prevent them from rising higher.

SEBI :
Securities and exchange board of India.

Sensex :
Sensitive Index is a value-weighted index composed of 30 stocks with the base April 1979 = 100. It consists of the 30 largest and most actively traded stocks, representative of various sectors, on the Bombay Stock Exchange. These companies account for around one-fifth of the market capitalization of the BSE.

Settlement and Settlement Date :
The date at which transaction between users is settled by deliver of shares.

Share Premium :
Premium paid over the face value for acquiring the share in the company.

Support :
Support is a level at which bulls (i.e., buyers) take control over the prices and prevent them from falling lower.

Undervalued Shares :
Shares which are traded lower than the book value.

Volume :
The number of shares or contracts traded in a security or an entire market during a given period of time.

Stockmarketstoday.in is a premier  online web portal for  stock market news,day trading tips,bse,nse news  in India : for more details about stock market and trading methods www.stockmarketstoday.in

Archaeology, or archeology is the study of past human societies, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data which they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes.

Archaeology studies human history from the development of the first stone tools in eastern Africa 2.5 million years ago up until recent decades.

An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware, but will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux^.

A press release, news release, media release, or press statement is a written or recorded communication  directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something claimed as having news value. Typically, they are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to assignment editors  at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television stations, and/or television networks. Commercial press release distribution services, such as PRWeb, PR Newswire, MarketWire, PR NewsChannel, Cision, and Business Wire, are also used to distribute them.

The use of a press release is common in the field of public relations, the aim of which is to attract favorable media attention to public relations professional’s client and/or provide publicity for products or events marketed by those clients. A press release provides reporters with the basics they need to develop a news story. Press releases can announce a range of news items such as: scheduled events, personal promotions, awards, news products and services, sales and other financial data, accomplishments, etc. They are often used in generating a feature story or are sent for the purpose of announcing news conferences, upcoming events or change in corporation.

A press statement is information supplied to reporters. This is an official statement or account of a news story that is specially prepared and issued to newspapers and other news media for them to make known to the public.

Amendment : An alteration made in a law or constitution.

By-election : It is an election to a seat in a local body or a legislature, rendered vacant during the normal life of an elected body.

Brain Drain : It is a term applied to the exodus of technicians and scientists to other countries where they get more and better opportunities.

Bicameral System : The form of legislature which has two Chambers or Houses as opposed to unicameral system having only one House of Legislature.

Bureaucracy : The form of government which is conducted by officials, who are specially trained for the services. These officers control the policy of the government; they are responsible only to their chiefs and not to the public.

Buffer State : A smaller state lying between potentially hostile larger states, lessening the risk of direct war between them. Poland was a buffer State between Germany and Russia; Belgium is a buffer State between France and Germany.

Civil Disobedience : Non-cooperation with government, without resorting to violence. This form of agitation was adopted by the Indian National Congress to secure independence.

Collective Security : The principle, formerly laid down in the League of Nations, that all nations should collectively guarantee the security of each individual nation. NATO and the Warsaw Pact are examples of collective security organisations. The Warsaw Pact was dissolved on March 31, 1991.

Communalism : The political theory or trend of thought which insists too much upon the rights and interests of a particular religion, as distinguished from those of the nation at large. The 1991 elections were marked by appeal to communal sentiments.

Communism : It may mean either the type of society in which right to property is vested in the community, every individual receiving what he needs and working according to his capacity, or it may mean the revolutionary movement which seeks to achieve that type of society by overthrowing the capitalist system and establishing a dictatorship of the  proletariat. Modern communism has its basis in Marxism, as developed by the Russian
revolutionary leader, Lenin(1870-1924). Communism now survives only in China, Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba. However, in India the communists still enjoy a clout.

Carte Blanche : Blank cheque, i.e., to give full powers.

Casting Vote : It is the deciding vote of the Chairman, when there is a tie, i.e., equality of votes.

Constituent Assembly : An assembly of elected representatives convened for the purpose of framing a constitution of the country.

Coup d’etat : A political strategy or action resulting in the change of government, generally initiated by military personnel. A sudden change of government brought about by force. It is different from a revolution which involves the participation of the masses.

Curfew : An order under which people have to be indoors within certain hours. Such restrictive orders are imposed when there is apprehension of breach of peace.

Cabinet Government : The form of government in which the Executive, a Council of Ministers, is responsible to the legislature. It is also called parliamentary system.

Conscription : Compulsory enlistment for the defence services; there can be conscription of labour as well.

Coalition : An alliance of political parties for a special purpose. A coalition or coalition government is formed either to deal with a national crisis or when no party is able to secure an absolute majority in the legislature.

Cold War : A state of apparent peace between two powerful countries or blocs, but they show malice against each other through press, radio, etc. The term was first used by Bernard M. Maruch while addressing the South Carolina Legislative Body, on April 16, 1947. It is often used to describe the relationship that had existed between the Soviet Union and the Western Powers since 1947. The break up and weakening of USSR resulted in virtual end of Cold War and has resulted in a unipolar world dominated by the United States of America. Its writ runs ,large allover the world, in early 1998 Iraq was almost invaded by an American led rag tag alliance.

Democracy : The form of government run by the people or their elected representatives. Abraham Lincoln defined it as “government of the people, by the people, for the people.”

Deadlock : A situation in which further negotiations are impossible.

Dictatorship : A form of government in which all power rests in a single individual or the system of one-man rule, as the rule of Hitler in pre-war Germany, and that of Mussolini in pre-war Italy.

Doctrine of Lapse : The East India Company laid down a principle that on the death of an Indian ruling prince without a direct descendant, the British Government could refuse to sanction the adoption of an heir and declare the dominions of the deceased as lapsed to the sovereign power. It was initiated and acted upon by Lord Dalhousie. It was one of the causes of the national rising of 1857.

Fourth Estate : It applies to the press, first used by Edmund Burke.

Franchise : The right to vote. It is also called suffrage.

Fascism : A nationalist, anti-communist and authoritarian political system evolved by Mussolini and his followers in Italy after 1922. Italian fascism served as a model to similar movements in other countries including Germany where it assumed the form of Nazism.

Feudalism : Asocial and political system existing in Europe during the Middle Ages, based on the relationship between lord and vassal.

Fifth Column : It applies to those people who work secretly against the interests of their own country by carrying on. false propaganda or by other means; they are sympathisers of the enemy.

Fundamental Rights : The basic rights of the citizen of a state generally embodied in modern constitutions, such as the right to property, the right to freedom of speech, the right to freedom of movement, the right to freedom of religion. etc.

Federal Government : It s a form of government in which regions {called provinces, states, etc.) enjoy autonomy in certain spheres. The regions are not at the mercy of the Centre, as is the case in a unitary government.

Glasnost : A term coined by Mr. Gorbacliev. It implied more openness of the society and freeing the Media from the overwhelming control of the state.

Guillotine : A method adopted in a legislature to cut short discussion on a bill by fixing time for taking votes.

Habeas Corpus : A writ requiring the authorities to produce a person/prisoner before a judge or court in person and state the reasons for his being in prison.

Hegemony : Dominant influence, especially of one State over others.

Hot Line : The direct telephone and teleprinter link set up in August, 1963 between Kremlin (U.S.S.R.) and the Pentagon (Washington) to avoid accidental war. Now, any line of speedy communication ready for an emergencys called as hot line.

Iron Curtain : A term coined by Sir Winston Churchill, applied to such countries as did not give other countries any information concerning their internal affairs. The term was applied to Soviet Russia and her satellites. Similar action by china was termed as “Bamboo Curtain.”

Mandate : A system of coronial administration adopted after World War I by the League of Nations. The mandated territories were the areas taken away from Germany and Turkey after World War I and handed over to the victorious powers for purposes of administration.

Marxism : The system of thought developed by Karl Marx, (1818-83), a German Jew, along with Engels. According to him, the State, throughout history has been advice for the exploitation of the masses by a dominant class; class-struggls has been the main agency of historical change; the capitalist State contains the germs of its own destruction; a revolution is inevitable; and after a transitional. period, known as the dictatorship of the proletariat, a stateless and classless society will come into being.

Manifesto: Declaration of future programme and policy by a political party on the eve of a general election.
.
Mid-Term Election : An election held in between the period of general election, when the legislature is dissolved on account of the failure of the constitutional machinery or otherwise the government wants to seek a fresh vote of confidence on its policies. Mid-term elections have now become regular features on account of political instability. Mid-term elections to the Lok Sabha were held in 1970, 1977, 1979,1991, 1997, 1999 and Feb. 2004.

Nationalisation: To convert (land, railways, industries, etc.) into national property or undertakings by the state. All socialist States have resorted to nationalisation to give workers better wages, and to get more revenues for the State. Life lnsurance Companies in India were nationalised in 1955. Major banks were nationalised on July 19, 1969. In 1971, General lnsurance was also nationalised. Coal mines were nationalised in 1973.

Nazism : The doctrine propounded by Hitler in his book Mein Kampf which aimed at aggressive nationalism; it glorified the German race and preached its superiority believed in anti-semetism. It culminated in World War ll.

Jacobinism: An extremist philosophy which believes in the role by terror because only a small group with the right vision can lead a revolution

Jazz: A musical form characterised by its social impact and artistic vitality. The oppression of Blacks in America was a major circumstance that gave birth to this music.

Jehovah’s Witnesses: An evangelical Christian sect that vehemently opposes both organised churches and the state.

Jihad: Islamic holy war for the protection and propagation of their religion.

Jingoism:Blind and war mongering patriotism.

Jiziya: A Muslim poll tax on non-muslims.

Judicial Activism: A term denoting the dominant and corrective role played by the Judiciary vis-a-vis the executive and the legislature in a democracy.

Junta: The military rulers of a country after an army takeover.

Jurassic Period: A geological period in the Mesozoic Era with a duration of about 54 million years beginning about 190 million years ago in which dinosaurs dominated the life on land.

Idealism:A philosophical theory according to which there is no matter in the universe except as perceived by the mind.

Imperialism: A political ideology in which a King / Emperor forcibly extends his domain over other countries and peoples.

Impressionism: The impressionist style of painting aims at achieving naturalism through tone and color.

Individualism:A socio-political theory according to which the rights of the individual should take precedence over the authority of the state.

Indology: The study of India and its past.

Inquisition: Practice by the Roman Catholic Church in Europe in the medieval period , intended to punish heretics.

Interferon: A natural protein produced by animal cells and so called because it causes “viral interference”, a process that prevents the spread of viruses.

International Dateline: An imaginary north south line down the Pacific Ocean where, by common consent, the date changes. East of the line it is one day earlier than to the west.

Internet: A world wide web of private and public computer networks making an unregulated electronic community.

Irrationalism: Irrationalism considers reason as a limiting factor in human experience.