1. The gland which is in the shape of a pistol is:

Pancreas

2. Calcium requirement for the adult humans:

1200 mg daily

3. The test used to know the color blindness is:

Ishihara

4. Man can see with his two eyes:

Maximum angle of 108 degrees. But, the rat can see with its two eyes, the width of 162 degrees.

5. Vitamin “P” is:

Niacin (one of the vitamin B-complex group)

6. Vitamin “M”:

Folic acid

7. Vitamin “K”:

The letter “K” is taken from the word-Kgulation or Coagulation.

8. Vitamin B12:

One of the B-complex group and our body can synthesize it in the intestine itself and it is the only vitamin containing a metal –Cynocobalamine.

9. Bile juice:

Around one liter of bile is produced in the liver.

10. Heart beats:

Human heart beats more than one lakh (0.1million) times in a day.

The discovery of blood groups

Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person’s blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.

Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.

Karl Landsteiner’s work made it possible to determine blood groups and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

What is blood made up of?

An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Among other things, blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body.

Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma.

The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues.

The white blood cells fight infection.

The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example.

The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.

What are the different blood groups?

The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.

There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.

Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.

AB0 blood grouping system

According to the AB0 blood group system there are four different kinds of blood groups: A, B, AB or 0 (null).

	Blood group A If you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
	Blood group B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.
	Blood group AB If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
	Blood group 0 If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

Rh factor blood grouping system

Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell’s surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh⁺. Those who haven’t are called Rh^-. A person with Rh^- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh^- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh⁺ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh⁺ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh^- blood without any problems.

Blood group notation

According to above blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:

article source : nobelprize.org

NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE    98.4F
“BLOOD GROUP CALLED “”UNIVERSAL DONOR “”"    O GROUP
“BLOOD GROUP CALLED “”UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT “    AB GROUP
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM’S POWER SUPPLY    HEART

ORGAN REMOVES WASTES AND EXCESS WATER FROM THE BLOOD   KIDNEY
STUDY OF TWINS    GEMELLOLOGY

FIRST ANTIBIOTIC DRUG    PENCILLIN
ORGAN CONTROLS BODY TEMPERATURE    SKIN
NUMBER OF BONES IN THE HUMAN BODY    206
HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE HUMAN BODY    TOOTH ENAMEL
DISEASE CAUSED BY THE BITE OF A MAD DOG    HYDROPHOBIA
DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN DLEADS TO    RICKETS
A HUMAN HEART HAS HOW MANY CHAMBERS    FOUR
THE BALANCING ORGAN OF OUR BODY    EAR
WHAT IS CALLED SUICIDAL BAGS    LYSOSOME
THE SMALLEST BONE IN THE HUMAN BODY    STAPES
VITAMIN WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE SUNLIGHT    VITAMIN D
THE COLOURING PIGMENT OF BILE    BILIRUBINE
THE ENZYME WHICH DIGEST THE PROTEIN    PEPSIN
THE ENZYME WHICH DIGEST THE FAT    LIPASE
THE ENZYME WHICH DIGEST THE STARCH    AMYLASE

WHICH IS KNOWN AS ANIMAL STARCH    GLYCOGEN

FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT OPERATON    CHRISTAIN BARNARD

CHARLS DARWIN BELONGS TO    BRITAIN

X-RAYS    RONTGEN
DNA DOUBLE HELIX MODEL    WATSON AND CRICK
DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN C LEADS TO    SCURVY
PROLONGED BLEEDING DUE TO    DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN K
STUDY OF BIRDS    ORNITHOLOGY
SCIENCE OF OLD AGE    GERENTOLOGY
ANTI TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE    BCG

MILK PROTEIN IS KNOWN AS    CAESIN
DIALYSIS IS USED FOR  PATIENTS HAVING    KIDNEY TROUBLE
ONCOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF    CANCER
ANALGESICS ARE USED TO RELIEVE    PAIN
PLANTS ARE GREEN BECAUSE OF    CHLOROPHYLL
WHEN IRON RUSTS, ITS WEIGHT    INCREASES
INSULIN IS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF    DIABETES
THE METAL IN THE LIQUID STATE    MERCURY
THE SYSTEM OF MODERN MEDICINE BY    HIPPOCRATES