Short Name	Full Form or Abbreviations
3G	Third Generation
AAA	Asian Athletics Association
AAFI	The Amateur Athletics Federation of India
AC	Ante Christum (Before Christ), Ashok Chakra, Air Conditioner
ADB	Asian Development Bank
AFI	Athletics Federation of India
AFMC	Armed Forces Medical College
AI	Artifical Intelligence, Air India
AICTE	All India Council for Technical Education
AIFF	All India Football Federation
AIIMS	All India Institute of Medical Science
AITUC	All India Trade Union Congress
ALGOL	Algebric Oriented Language
AM	Ante Meridiem (before Noon), Amplitude Modulation
APEC	Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
ARPANET	Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ASCII	American Standard Code for Informa­tion Interchange
ASEAN	Association of South East Asian Na­tions
ASLV	Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
AT&T	American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd.
ATC	Air Traffic Control
ATM	Automated Teller Machine
AVSM	Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
B2B	Busines to Business
B2C	Business to Consumer
BARC	Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
BBS	Bulletin Board Service
BC	Before Christ
BHEL	Bharat Heavy Electri-cals Ltd
BIOS	Basic Input Output System
BIT	Binary Digit
BPL	Below Poverty Line
BPO	Business Process Outsourcing
BPR	Business Process Re-engineering
bps	bytes per second
BSE	Bombay Stock Exchange
BSF	Border Security Force
BSNL	Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
C2C	Consumer to Consumer
CA	Chartered Accountant
CAD	Com­puter Aided Design
CAT	Common Admis­sion Test
CBI	Central Bureau of Investigation
CBSE	Central Board of Secondary Education
CDAC	Centre for the Development of Ad­vanced Computing
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
CEO	Chief Executive Officer
CFSL	Central Forensic Science Laboratory
CGI	Common Gateway Interface
CIA	Central Intelligence Agency
CID	Criminal Investigation Department
CISC	Complex instruction-set computing
CITU	Centre of Indian Trade Unions
CNN	Cable News Network
COMSAT	Communications Satellite Corporation
COPRA	Consumer Protection Act
CORBA	Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPI(M)	Communist Party of India / Marxist
CPWD	Central Public Works Department
CRIS	Centre for Railway Information System
CSIR	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CTBT	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CYMK	Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, Kinda
D.Litt.	Doctor of Literature
D.Phil.	Doctor of Philosophy
D.Sc	Doctor of Science
DC	Direct Current
DIG	Deputy Inspector General
DMA	Direct Memory Access
DMK	Dravida Munetra Kazhagam
DNA	Deoxyribo-nucleic Acid
DTP	Desktop Publishing
DVC	Damodar Valley Corporation
DVD	Digital Versatile/Video Disc

Surname	Name
Bengal’s Sorrow	Damodar River
Blue Mountains	Nilgiri Hills
City of Sky-scrapers	New York
City of Seven Hills	Rome
City of Dreaming Spires	Oxford
City of  palaces	Kolkata
City of Golden Gate	San Francisco
City of Magnificent Buildings	Washington D.C.
City of Eternal Springs	Quito(S.America)
China’s Sorrow	Hwang Ho
Cockpit of Europe	Belgium
Dark Continent	Africa
Emerald Isle	Ireland
Eternal City	Rome
Empire City	New York
Forbidden City	Lhasa (Tibet)
Garden City	Chicago
Gate of Tears	Strait of Bab-el Mandeb
Gateway  of India	Mumbai
Gift of the Nile	Eqypt
Granite City	Aberdeen (Scotland)
Hermit Kingdom	Korea
Herring Pond	Atlantic Ocean
Holy Land	Jerusalem
Island Continent	Australia
Island of Cloves	Zanzibar
Isle of Pearls	Bahrein (Peesian Gulf)
Key of the Mediterranean	Gibralter
Land of Cakes	Scotland
Land of Golden Fleece	Australia
Land of Maple Leaf	Canada
Land of Midnight Sun	Norway
Land of the Thousand Lakes	Finland
Land of the Thunderbolt	Bhutan
Land of white Elephant	Thailand
Land of Five Rivers	Punjab
Land of Thousand Elephants	Laos
Land of Rising Sun	Japan
Loneliest Island	Tristan De Gunha (Mid-Atlantic)
Manchester of Japan	Osaka
Pillars of Hercules	Strait of Gibraltar
Pearl of the Antilles	Cuba
Playground of Europe	Switzerland
Quaker City	Philadelphia
Queen of the Adriatic	Venice
Roof of the World	The Pamirs
Rose Pink City	Jaipur
Sugar bowl of the World	Cuba
Venice of the North	Stockholm
Windy City	Chicago
Whirteman’s grave	Guinea Coast of Africa
Yellow River	Huang Ho (China)

1.Which of the following countries is a land locked country in
south America?

a.Ecuador
b.Peru
c.Uruguay
d.Bolivia

ans:

2.canary Islands belongs to

a.Norway
b.Spain
c.New Zealand
d.Portugal

ans:

3.Titan is the largest natural satilite of planet

a.Mercury
b.Venus
c.Saturn
d.Neptune

ans:

4.Which of the following planets rotates clock wise?

a.Pluto
b.Jupiter
c.Venus
d.Mercury

ans:

5.A difference of 1 degree in longtitude at the Equator is equaivalent
to nearly

a.101 km
b.111 km
c.121 km
d.125 km

ans:

6.The earliest known Indian script is

a.Mori
b.Devanagari
c.Brahmi
d.Kharosti

ans: c

7.How many times the preamble was amended

a.once
b.twice
c.thrice
d.four times

ans:

8.The term socialist was added in the Preamble by the…amendment

a.40th
b.42nd
c.44th
d.49th

ans:

9.The state with the lowest population in Inndia is

a.Goa
b.Tripura
c.Mizoram
d.Sikkim

ans:

10.Which person or organisation received the Nobel Prize three
times so far?

a.Medame Curie
b.Linus Pauling
c.Alexender Flemming
d.International Committee of the Redcross

ans: d

11.The Finance Commision is appointed for every… year

a.3
b.4
c.5
d.6

ans: c

12.Under which five year plan did agriculture show a negitive growth?

a.1st plan
b.2nd plan
c.3rd plan
d.4th plan

ans:

13.Who is the founder of the Capital city of Agra?

a.Akbar
b.Babar
c.Sikinder Lodi
d.Mubarak Shah Sayyad

an:

14.The first tide generated electricity project was established at

a.Vizhinjam, Kerala
b.Mangalore, Karnataka
c.Paradeep, Orissa
d.Vishakapattanam

ans:

15.National Institute of Oceanography is located in:

a.Calcutta
b.Chennai
c.Mangalore
d.Panaji

ans:

16.The 2004 Olympics were  held in:

a.Bangkok
b.Rome
c.Athens
d.Nagasaki

ans:

17.Who headed the committee appointed on Kargil War ?

a.Gen.V.P.Malik
b.Gen.S.K.Sinha
c.K.Subramanyam
d.K.C.Panth

ans: c

18.The C.K.Nayudu Trophy is related to the sport of

a.cricket
b.Hockey
c.Football
d.Chess

ans: a

19.New York is situated on the river

a.Hudson
b.Thames
c.Danube
d.Tigris

ans:

20.”The Woman of the Mellenium” selected by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is

a.Margaret Thacher
b.Hillary Clinton
c.Chandrika Kumaratunga
d.Indira Gandhi

ans: d

21.The Geneal Assembly of United Nations meets

a.Once a year
b.twice a year
c.thrice a year
d.Once in five years

ans: a

22.The “Common Wealth Games 2002″ will be held in

a.Toranto
b.Manchester
c.Tokyo
d.Canberra

ans: b

23.All India Radio commenced operations in

a.1926
b.1936
c.1945
d.1947

ans:

24.The “Killer Instinct”is written by

a.Sulakshan Mohan
b.M.K.Santanam
c.O.P.Sabharwal
d.Subash Jain

ans:

25.The Secretary- General of UN is appointed by the

a.Security Council
b.Trusteeship Council
c.General Assembly
d.World Bank

ans:

26.Postal Voting is other wise called:

a.external voting
b.secret voting
c.plural voting
d.proxy voting

ans:

27.The Common Wealth of Independent states (CIS)consists of ….republica?

a.10
b.11
c.12
d.13

ans: c

28.Which of the following harbours is cosidered as the world’s finest natural harbour?

a.Sydney harbour
b.Toronto harbour
c.New Jersy harbour
d.Singapore harbour

ans: a

29.Who invented Radar?

a.Henrey Backquerel
b.Max Planck
c.Robert Watson Watt
d.Humphrey Davy

ans:

30.Sandal Wood trees are mostly found in…

a.Trophical Evergreen Forests
b.Tropical most Decidous
c.Alpine forests
d.Trophical Thorn Forests

ans:

31.The first country to legalise medically assisted suicide is

a.Switzerland
b.New Zealand
c.USA
d.Netherlands

ans:

31.India’s newsprint industry is mainly located in

a.Indore
b.Dehradun
c.Nepanagar
d.Nagpur

ans:

32.The tomb of Babur is at

a.Kabul
b.Lahore
c.Multan
d.Larkhana

ans:

33.The joint session of the two houses is presided by

a.the speaker
b.the president
c.chairman of Rajyasabha
d.none of these

ans:

34.The Gandhara school of Art was influenced most by the

a.Greeks
b.Shakas
c.persians
d.Kushans

ans:

35.The Simon Commission was appointed in

a.1927
b.1928
c.1929
d.1930

ans:

36.Sikkim became a full fledged state of the I ndian Union, in the year ?

a.1972
b.1973
c.1974
d.1975

ans:

37.Who is the founder of Mahabalipuram ?

a.Rajaraja Chola
b.Mahendra Varman
c.Narsimha Varman
d.Narsimha Chola

ans:

38.The 189th member of United Nations is

a.Palau
b.Tuvalu
c.Soloman Islands
d.Nauru

ans:

39.When was Burma seperated from India

a.1947
b.1942
c.1937
c.1932

ans:

40.Which of the following country has more than 55,000 lakes?

a.Poland
b.Denmark
c.Finland
d.Norway

ans:

41.Where is India’s National Institute of Sports situated?

a.Bhopal
b.Patiala
c.Lucknow
d.Amritsar

ans:

42.Name the first woman of Sahitya Academy award ?

a.Amrita Pritam
b.Sarojini Naidu
c.Mahasweta Devi
d.Manjula Padmanabhan

ans:

43.Which nation is called the land of Golden Fleece ?

a.Canada
b.Australia
c.Norway
d.North Korea

ans:

44…. is called the father of Medicine?

a.Henemann
b.Aristotle
c.Hippocrates
d.Darwin

Answewrs :

1. ans: d 2. ans: b 3. ans: c 4. ans: c 5. ans: b 6. ans: c 7. ans: a 8. ans: b 9. ans: d 10. ans: d

11. ans: c 12. ans: c 13. ans: c 14. ans: a 15. ans: d 16. ans: c 17. ans: c 18. ans: a 19. ans: a 20. ans: d

21. ans: a 22. ans: b 23. ans: b 24. ans: c 25. ans: c 26. ans: d 27. ans: c 28. ans: a 29. ans: c 30. ans: d

31. ans: d 31. ans: c 32. ans: a 33. ans: a 34. ans: a 35. ans: c 36. ans: d 37. ans: c 38. ans: b 39. ans: c

40. ans: c 41. ans: b 42. ans: a 43. ans: b 44. ans: a

Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels:

Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing.

1	Breathing	10 db
2	Wind in the trees	20 db
3	Whisper	20-30 db
4	Ticking Clock	30 db
5	House in a quiet street	35 db
6	Radio Music	50-60 db
7	Loud Conversation	60 db
8	Office Noise	60 db
9	Children Playing	60-80 db
10	Lawn mower	60-80 db
11	Vacuum cleaner	80 db
12	Traffic Noise	60-90 db
13	Sports Car	80-95 db
14	Heavy truck traffic	90-100 db
15	Loud Radio	100 db
16	Motor Cycle	105 db
17	Pneumatic drill	110 db
18	Thunder storm	110 db
19	Rock Music	120 db
20	Aircraft Noise	90-120 db
21	Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance)	120 db
22	Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance)	140 db
23	Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance)	140-170 db

Badminton

Angled Drive Serve, Backhand Low Serve, Bird, Deuce, Double Droup, Fault, Flick Serve, Forehand Smash, Let, Lob, Love All, net Shots, Rush, Smash.

Baseball

Base, Battery, Bunting, Catcher, Diamond, Hitter, Home Infield, Outfield, Pinch, Pitcher Plate, Pullout, Short Stop, Strike.

Basketball

Ball, Basket, Blocking, Dribbling, Free Throw, Held Ball, Holding, Jump Ball, Multiple Throws, Pivot.

Billiards

Baulk Line, Break, Bolting, Cannon, Cue, Hazard, In-off, Jigger, Long jenney, Pot, Scratch, Screw Back, short Stop, Strike.

Boxing

Ausiliary Point System, Babit Punch, Break, Cut, Defence, Down, Hook, Jab, Lying On, Knock, Seconds out, Slam, Upper Cut, Weight In, Win by Knock-out.

Bridge

Auction, Bid, Chicane, Cut, Declarer, Doubleton, Dummy, Finesse, Grand Slam, Little Slam, Notrumps, Over-trick, Revoke, rubber, Ruff, Shuffle, Suit, Vulnerable.

Chess

Bishop, Capture, Castling, Checkmate, En Passant, Gambit, Grand Master, King, Knight, Pawn, Queen, Rook, Stalemate, Under Promoting.

Cricket

Ashes, Banana, Boundary, Bowling, Caught, Chinaman, Cover Drive, Crease, Doosra, Duck, Duckworth-Lewis Rule, Fine Leg, Follow On, Full Toss, Gardening, Googly, Gully, Hat-trick, Hit Wicket, Inswinger, l.b.w., Leg-break, Leg-bye, Leg Glance, late Cut, maiden Over, No Ball, Off Break, On Drive, Out, Outswinger, Over, Mandatory Over, over Pitch, Popping Crease, Rubber, Run Down, Run Out, Short Pitch, Silly Point, Slip, Square Leg, Stone Walling, Straight Drive, Stumped, Short leg, Spin, Swing, Thirdman, Yorker.

Croquet

Hoops, Mallet, Peg Out.

Draughts

Huff

Football

Advantage Clause, Blind Side, Centre Forward, Corner Kick, Dead Ball, Direct Free Kick, Dribble, Goal kick, Golden Goal, Hat-trick, Marking, OffSide, Penalty Kick, Penalty Shootout, Red Card, Striker, Throw In, Tripping.

Golf

Best-ball Foursome, Bogey, Bunker, Caddie, Dormy, Fairway, Fourball, Foursome, Greed Holes, Links, Niblic, Par, Put, Rough, Stymied, Tee, Threesome.

Gymnastics

A-bars, Ariel, Blocks, Cone of Swing, Dish, Flairs, Giants, Inlocate, Kip, Planche, Tariff, Tumble, Virtuosity, Wrap.

Hockey

Advantage, Back-stick, Bully, Cary, Centre Forward, Corner, Dribble, Flick, Free-hit, Goal Line, Green Card, Halfway Line, Hat-trick, Off-side, Red Car, Roll -in, Scoop, Short Corner, Sixteen-yard hit, Square Pass, Stick, Striking Cirele, Tackle, Tie-breaker, Zonal Marking.

Horse Racing

Jockey, Punt, Steeplechase, Thorough Bred.

Judo

Ashi-waza, chui, Dan, Dojo, Gyaku, Hajime, Ippon, Jigotai, Kaeshiwaza, Koka, Makikomi, Nage-waza, O-goshi, Randori, Scarf, Tani-Otoshi, Uchi-komvi, Waki-gatame, Yoshi, Yuko.

Karate

Age Zuki, Ai-uchi, Aka, Chakugan, Dachi, Encho Sen, Fudotachi, Gedan, Geri, Hajime, Ibuki, Jion, Kakato, Koka, Makiwara, Nidan, Obi, Rei, Sanbon, Shiro, Tobigeri, Ude, Waza-ari, Yoko-geri, Zanshin, Zen-no.

Polo

Bunker, Chukker, Mallet.

Rowing

Bow, Bucket, Cow, Ergometer, Feather, Paddle, Regatta.

Rugby Football

A Trackle, Lines, Scrum, Touch, Try.

Shootng

Bag, Bull’s Eye, Marksmanship, Muzzle, Plug.

Skiing

Tobogganing.

Swimming

Breast Stroke, Crawl.

Table Tennis

Anti Loop, Backspin, Chop, Loop, Penhold Grip, Push, Spin, Twiddle.

Tennis

Ace, Backhand Stroke, Deuce, Deep Volley, Deuce, Double Fault, Fault, Ground Stroke, Half Volley, Let, Love, Slice, Smash, Volley

Volleyball

Ace, Base-line, Blocking, Doubling, Foot Fault, Heave, Holding, Jump Set, Lob Pass, Love All, Point, Quick Smash, Scouting, Service, Spike, Tactical Ball, Volley, Windmill Service.

Wrestling

Half-Nelson, Head Lock, Heave, Hold, Rebouts, Scissor.

Surname	Name
Bengal’s Sorrow	Damodar River
Blue Mountains	Nilgiri Hills
City of Sky-scrapers	New York
City of Seven Hills	Rome
City of Dreaming Spires	Oxford
City of  palaces	Kolkata
City of Golden Gate	San Francisco
City of Magnificent Buildings	Washington D.C.
City of Eternal Springs	Quito(S.America)
China’s Sorrow	Hwang Ho
Cockpit of Europe	Belgium
Dark Continent	Africa
Emerald Isle	Ireland
Eternal City	Rome
Empire City	New York
Forbidden City	Lhasa (Tibet)
Garden City	Chicago
Gate of Tears	Strait of Bab-el Mandeb
Gateway  of India	Mumbai
Gift of the Nile	Eqypt
Granite City	Aberdeen (Scotland)
Hermit Kingdom	Korea
Herring Pond	Atlantic Ocean
Holy Land	Jerusalem
Island Continent	Australia
Island of Cloves	Zanzibar
Isle of Pearls	Bahrein (Peesian Gulf)
Key of the Mediterranean	Gibralter
Land of Cakes	Scotland
Land of Golden Fleece	Australia
Land of Maple Leaf	Canada
Land of Midnight Sun	Norway
Land of the Thousand Lakes	Finland
Land of the Thunderbolt	Bhutan
Land of white Elephant	Thailand
Land of Five Rivers	Punjab
Land of Thousand Elephants	Laos
Land of Rising Sun	Japan
Loneliest Island	Tristan De Gunha (Mid-Atlantic)
Manchester of Japan	Osaka
Pillars of Hercules	Strait of Gibraltar
Pearl of the Antilles	Cuba
Playground of Europe	Switzerland
Quaker City	Philadelphia
Queen of the Adriatic	Venice
Roof of the World	The Pamirs
Rose Pink City	Jaipur
Sugar bowl of the World	Cuba
Venice of the North	Stockholm
Windy City	Chicago
Whirteman’s grave	Guinea Coast of Africa
Yellow River	Huang Ho (China)

	Quotation	Quoted By
1	Swaraj is my Birth Right	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2	Take care to get what you like or you will be forced to like what you get.	G. B. Shaw
3	A thing of beauty is a joy forever	John Keats
4	To be and not to be that is the question.	Shakespeare
5	Delhi Chalo	Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
6	Superstition is the religion of feeable minds.	Edmund Burke
7	Let a hundread flowers bloom and let a thousand school of thought contend.	Mao-Ste-Tunng
8	Aram Haram Hai	Jawahar Lal Nehru
9	Where wealth accumulates, men decay.	Goldsmith
10	Beauty is truth, truth is beauty, that is all.	John Keats
11	I came I saw I conquered	Shekspear
12	Good Government is no substitute for self government.	Alfred Tennyson
13	A democratic Government is of the people, for the people and by the people.	Abraham Linkon
14	Jay Hind	Netaji
15	Law grinds the poor and rich men rule the men.	Gold Smith
16	The human soul needs actual beauty more than bread.	D. H. Lawrence
17	War is the greatest crime man perpetrates against man.	Zarathustra
18	There never was a good war or a bad peace.	Benjamin Franklin
19	The only man who never makes mistakes is the man who never does anything.	Theodore Roosevelt
20	Truth and Non-violence is my God	M. K. Gandhi
21	Jai Jawan, Jai Krishan	Lal Bahadur Shastri
22	Eureka Eureka	Archimedes
23	Just as I would not like to be a slave, so I would not like to be a master.	Abraham Linkon
24	Brevity is the soul of wit.	Shekspear
25	East is east and west is west and never the twin shall meet.	Kipling
26	Knowledge is Power	Hobbes
27	Man is by nature a political animal.	Aristotol
28	Temptation usually comes in through a door that has delibaretly been left open.	Arnold Glasow
29	I therefore want freedom immediately this very night, before dawn if it can be had?	Gandhiji
30	Man is not the creature of circumstance. Circumstances are the creature of men.	Disraeli
31	Excellent things are rare.	Plato
32	Well done is better than well said.	Benjamin Franklin
33	Ambition is like love: Impatient both of delays as well as rivals.	Buddha
34	The child is father of the man.	William Wordsworth
35	Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark.	Rabindra Nath Tagore
36	Patriotism is religion and religion is love for India.	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Classical Dance of India
Dance	State
Bharat Natyam	Tamil Nadu
Bihu	Assam
Bhangra	Punjab
Chhau	Bihar, Orissa, W. Bengal and Jharkhand
Garhwali	Uttaranchal
Garba	Gujarat
Hattari	Karnataka
Kathak	North India
Kathakali	Kerala
Kutchipudi	Andhra Pradesh
Khantumm	Mizoram
Karma	Madhya Pradesh
Laho	Meghalaya
Mohiniattam	Kerala
Mando	Goa
Manipuri	Manipur
Nati	Himachal Pradesh
Nat-Natin	Bihar
Odissi	Orissa
Rauf	Jammu & Kashmir
Yakshagan	Karnataka
Folk and Tribal Dances
States	Dances
Maharashtra	Kathakeertan, Lezin, Dandaniya, Tamasha, Gafa, Dahikala, Lovani, Mauni, Dasavtar.
Karnataka	Huttari, Suggi Kunitha, Yakashagana
Kerala	Kaikottikali, Kaliyattam, Tappatikkali
Tamil Nadu	Kolattam, Pinnal Kolattam, Kummi, Kavadi, Karagam
Andhra Pradesh	Ghanta Mardala, Veedhi Natakam, Burrakatha
Orissa	Ghumara Sanchar, Chadya Dandanata, Chhau
West Bengal	Kathi, Chhau, Baul, Kirtan, Jatra, Lama
Assam	Bihu, Khel Gopal, Rash Lila, Tabal Chongli, Canoe
Punjab	Giddha (women), Bhangra (men)
J & K	Rauf, Hikat
Himachal Pradesh	Jhora, Jhali, Dangli, Mahasu, Jadda, Jhainta, Chharhi
Haryana	Jhumar, Ras Leela, Phag dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khoria, Gagor
Gujarat	Garba, Dandiya Rass, Tippani, Gomph
Rajasthan	Ginad, Chakri, Gangore, Terahtaal, Khayal, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini
Bihar	Jata Jatin, Jadur, Chhau, Kathaputli, Bakho, Jhijhiya, Samochakwa, Karma, Jatra, Natna
Uttar Pradesh	Nautanki, Thora, Chappeli, Raslila, Kajri.
Famous Dancer
Bharatnatyam	Bala Saraswati, C. V. Chandrasekhar, Leela Samson, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Padma Subramanyam, Rukmini Devi, Sanyukta Panigrahi, Sonal Mansingh, Yamini Krishnamurti
Kathak	Bharti Gupta, Birju Maharaj, Damayanti Joshi, Durga Das, Gopi Krishna, Kumudini Lakhia, Sambhu Maharaj, Sitara Devi
Kuchipudi	Josyula Seetharamaiah, Vempathi Chinna Sthyam
Manipuri	Guru Bipin Sinha, Jhaveri Sisters, Nayana Jhaveri, Nirmala Mehta, Savita Mehta Debaprasad Das, Dhirendra nath Pattnaik, Indrani Rahman, Kelucharan Mahapatra, Priyambaba Mohanty, Sonal Mansingh
Instrumentalists
Sarod	Ali Akbar Khan, Allaudin Khan, Amjad Ali Khan, Buddhadev Dasgupta, Bahadur Khan, Sharan Rani, Zarin S. Sharma
Tabla	Alla Rakha Khan, Kishan Maharaj, Nikhil Ghosh, Zakir Hussain
Violin	Baluswamy Dikshitar, Gajanan Rao Joshi, Lalgudi G. Jayaraman, M. S. Gopala krishnan, Mysore T. Chowdiah, T. N. Krishnan
Shehnal	Bismillah Khan
Sitar	Nikhil Banerjee, Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Hara Shankar Bhattacharya
Flute	Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Pannalal Ghose, T. R. Mahalingam
Veena	K. R. Kumaraswamy lyer, Doraiswami lyengar
Vocalists
Hindustani	Shubha Mudgal, Bheemsen Joshi, Madhup Mudgal, Mukul Shivputra, Pandit Jasraj, Parveen Sultana, Naina Devi, Girija Devi, Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Gangubai Hangal, Krishna Hangal, V. Rajput, Kumar Gandharva, Faiyyaz Khan, Mallikarjun Mansur.
Carnatic	M. S. Subbalakshmi, Balamuralikrishna, Bombay Jaishree, H. K. Raghavendra, H. K. Venkataram, Sitarajam, Mani Krishnaswamy, Akhil Krishnan, M. L. Vasanthakumari, M. D. Ramanathan, G. N. Balasubramaniam
Thumri	Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ustad Mazhar Ali Khan, Ustad Zawad Ali Khan, Rita Ganguli, Poornima Chaudhary, Shanti Heerananda, Naina Devi
Quwwali	Ghulam Hasan Niyazi, Sultan Niyazi, Ghulam Farid Nizami, Chand Nizami, IqbalHussain Khan Bandanawaji, Aslam Sabari
Dhrupad	Ustad Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar, Zahiruddin Dagar, Waslfuddin Dagar, Bundecha Bandhu, Uday Bhawalkar, Pt. Abhay Narayan Mallick, Pt. Ritwik Sanyal

Battle of Hydaspes—In 326 B.C. when Alexander, the great had to turn back from Hydaspes (Beas) when his troops refused to march into India against the Nanda Empire.

Battle of Kalinga—It was fought in 361 B.C. between Ashoka, the great and the king of Kalinga. The war resulted in considerable loss of life and brought misery and suffering to the people. Its impression on Ashoka was so great that he not only turned a Buddhist, but renounced war and violence.

1st Battle of Tarain (1191 A.D.)—Prithvi Raj defeated Mohd. Gauri.

2nd Battle of Tarain (1192 A.D.)—Mohd. Gauri defeated Prithvi Raj and paved the way for Muslim rule in India.

First Battle of Panipat (1526)—Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi. This laid the foundation of Mughal rule in India.

Second Battle of Panipat (1556)—Akbar defeated Hemu. It ended the Afgan Rule and the way was cleared for Mughal rule.

Battle of Talikota (1565)—The united alliance of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and Golkunda under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijaynagar. It sealed the fate of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijaynagar.

Battle of Haldighati (1576)—Akbar defeated Rana Pratap. The latter had to take refuge in remote fortresses.

Battle of Plassey (1757)—The British under Lord Clive defeated Sirajuddaulah. It laid foundation of the British Rule in India.

Third Battle of Panipat (1761)—Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marahattas. The Marahatta power suffered an irreparable loss.

Battle of Buxer (1764)—The British under Sir Hector Munro defeated the Muslim army under three Mohammadan leaders : Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daulha and Shah Alam II. The battle made the British Supreme in India.

The First Sikh War (1845)—The Sikh Army crossed Sutlej in 1845 at which the East India Company declared war. British occupied Lahore and forced the Sikhs to accept humiliating terms of peace.

The Second Sikh War (1849)—A drawn battle was fought between the English and the Sikhs at Chelianwala in which the English appeared to have suffered heavy losses.

Indo-Pak War (1965)—An indecisive war between India and Pakistan. It led to ‘Taskent Pact’ between the two countries.

Indo-Pak War (1971)—Indian forces in joint command with Bangladesh Army accepted the surrender of the Pak Army in Bangladesh. War in the western sector came to an end as a result of cease-fire on Dec. 17. Bangladesh was liberated.

Kargil War (1999)—Indian forces scored grand victory over Pakistani army and Pak supported mercenaries in a conflict in the Kargil sector of Jammu & Kashmir. The operation was named ‘Operation Vijaya.’ The Indian forces cleared Kargil of all Pakistani elements.

Intel Corp. has introduced its most advanced desktop processor ever, the Intel Core i7 processor. The core i7 processor is the first member of a new family of Nehalem processor designs and is the most sophisticated ever built with new technologies that boost performance on demand and maximise data throughput.

The Core i7 processor speeds video editing, immersive games and other popular internet and computer activities by up to 40 percent without increasing power consumption.

Each Core i7 processor features an 8 MB level 3 cache and 3 channels of DDR3 1006 memory to deliver the best memory performance of any desktop platform. Intel’s top performance processor, the Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition, also removes over-speed protection allowing Intel’ knowledgeable customers or hobbyists to further increase the chip speed.